If you do off leash recalls, which I think are just fine, one precaution: DO NOT GIVE THE CUE TO COME. Not until he comes. Entice him, run the other way, make silly noises, use a favorite squeeky toy, hide behind something and make goofy sounds but do not use the word come or any word you want to use to tell him to come. When he is coming to you for the sheer joy of it... and 2 feet from you, and you're positive he's coming to you, then say, "come." And treat. If he's doing zoomies around you and not coming right away, then praise him when he comes around but no treat. Personally, I'd get up from my squatting position and walk away a little bit and no more fun for a couple of seconds. He'll learn that he has to come all the way to you to get the treat and praise. When he is coming 95% of the time when you entice him and you've used the word, "come" enough (together with his actual arrival to you) that you think he's pairing it with the action of coming to you, then try using it first. But make sure he's not too engaged in something else. You want him to have every opportunity to succeed. Or you can wait till he's coming to you on his own and just a few feet from you... you're sure he's coming, then say, "come." And reinforce with a yummy treat and praise. If one time he doesn't come, then he's not ready yet to be called ahead of time. I find that this works very well and the dog learns some "self discipline." You can intermingle too....use a long line sometimes and sometimes not. That way he doesn't get reliant on having the leash on in order to come.
I used a little of both; the off leash and using the long line sometimes. But with the long line, if you have to resort to reeling him in, he is not making the decision himself to come, which I prefer if possible.....to set the dog up so he will choose the way I want it. I just hold off on adding the cue till he's really reliable with the eliciting of the behavior. And make sure your reinforcement is something really good....that really motivates him, his favorite treat. Fresh meat, tiny pieces of white cheese, tiny hot dog pieces....just pea sized and really tasty. Try not practicing right after a meal, so he's a little on the hungry side.
If you can't find something that is highly motivating to him, then you better use a long line and reel him in by force. But if he is motivated enough, he'll choose to do what earns him the reward.
I did the same thing with heel and/or a more casual walk alongside me... no leash at all, ..."let's go." If he walked close, click/treat. If not.......not. LOL.
One other little tip: Get the zoomies out of him a little before you start working on things. Let him rip roar and have fun and get a little tired.
Of course, never go without a leash where it's not fenced or otherwise a very safe area, very, very far from cars etc.
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